The core game element of many action games ranging from two-player-duel games such as Street Fighter to third person action games such as Ninja Gaiden is the combat. Although there may be other components like puzzle solving, much of the game is spent on attacking another player or NPCs. In some games the impact of these attacks look and feel more powerful than in others.

In this article I will list observations of techniques used in several actions games including: Ninja Gaiden, Soul Calibur 2, Prince of Persia: Warrior Within (POP:WW), Lord of the Rings: Return of the King (LOTR: ROTK), Devil May Cry 2, Dynasty Warriors, and the classic Street Fighter 2. I will also make remarks based on my development experience on Kingdom Under Fire: The Crusaders (KUF: TC). As the list of games suggests, this article is mainly about action games that involve hand-to-hand combat, usually involving swords, and excludes discussions about the "impact feel" of FPS shooters for the most part. The techniques involve animations, camera work, special effects, game controller rumble, and sound effects.

1. Animation

Attack Motion

The most obvious and most important factor is creating powerful looking attack animations. A weak motion is not going to look painful no matter how it is decorated with fancy effects. In this aspect, games that run at 60 fps have an advantage over games at 30 fps. There are simply more frames to show the motion in less time, which makes the attack look speedier. For example in Tecmo' s Ninja Gaiden, the basic attack is extremely quick and responsive. Figure 1 shows the first impact occurring on the 7th frame of a 29.97 fps movie clip; equivalent to 0.23 seconds to strike an enemy.

	Figure 1

Figure 2 shows about every fourth frame (1, 4, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, and 33) of the full basic combo. The second impact occurs on the 16 th frame and the third impact on the 29th frame. That' s three impacts in less than one second.

For 30 fps games such as Phantagram' s Kingdom Under Fire: The Crusaders, it is hard to tell exactly what the attack motion is for impacts occurring in less than 8 frames. Individual frames become too disjointed (Figure 3). Additionally, in a 30 fps situation, a consecutive impact in less than about 5 frames does not look like separate impact, but rather one long impact. However multiple consecutive impacts 2 to 4 frames apart are distinguishable with the help of other effects discussed below. Still with lower frame rates there are limitations to creating fast attacks. So high frame rates allow quicker first and consecutive attacks, which in turns reduces limitations in creating good animation for better impact feel.

	Figure 2

	Figure 3 . Lucretia is a fast character but her attack animations have a speed limit.

While Ninja Gaiden's attacks are fast, the heavier weapons in the game such as the " Dibilharo " in Figure 4 still feel heavy to wield. The heavy sword is indeed slower for the first two motions, but attack times accelerate for the next three impacts. The five combo impacts occur on frames 11, 27, 38, 46, and 54 of a 29.97 fps movie clip. This impact schedule makes the heavy sword useless against quick enemies that strike fast, but powerful against larger foes that require much beating to defeat. So heavy weapons can be fast and still appear heavy by making the latter combo attacks fast. Other techniques described in following sections also allow for quicker heavy attacks.

	Figure 4. The monstrous ' Dibilharo ' sword

Damage Motion

When a player hits an enemy a certain way, the player expects the enemy to behave a certain way. Painful damage motions are just as necessary as good attack motions in creating impact feel. The ideal damage motions are ones specifically tailored to particular attacks. Fighting games such as Namco' s Soul Caliber 2, with only two characters on screen have the capacity for getting pretty close to this ideal situation. In Figure 5, a stab on the foot causes a limping damage motion. A grab move folds the opponent in half and stakes him through the sword (Figure 6).

	Figure 5

	Figure 6

	Figure 7

For other action games, such as EA' s Lord of the Rings: Return of the King, with many enemy characters and many varying player characters, it is difficult to create the exact damage response for each unique attack. For RTS hybrid games, such as KUF: TC, where all those characters could be in one level, fitting such variety of animation data in memory is difficult as well. However, by categorizing the attacks by direction and power, matching damage motions can be used to somewhat cover this limitation. Figure 7 shows generic yet, effectively categorized damage motions caused by Aragorn and Gandalf in LOTR: ROTK.

Another aspect of damage motions is matching the attacker ' s distance and direction to the target. If the two are not correctly placed relative to each other, the attack appears to be skewing the target and thus seem weaker than they could be. There are many ways to approach this issue. Some games use target locking and automatically align the player to the target. Others adjust the attacker ' s position slightly to match the distance. To avoid the problem some games mainly use horizontal swing attacks that do not require the player to be exactly aligned to the target.

For every attack action, there must be a damage or defend reaction. If the player hits an enemy and there is no response then the game will feel less responsive and attacks feel empty. In Soul Caliber 2 after a round is over, the winner is given a short period to continue hitting the opponent. If the opponent did not respond to the attacks at that point, the game would seem a lot less natural. This unfortunately happens in with KUF:TC due to a bug that shipped, where dying enemies do not get hit further. An exception to this case would be the large red dinosaur-like creatures in Ninja Gaiden that ignore player attacks when they have taken some beating in order to counter attack (Figure 8). Without this mechanism, the slow creatures would never get a chance to attack the fast main character. However, even in this case, the large particles and sound effects give feedback to the player of the damage inflicted. In games where enemies dissolve, fade, or explode into pieces, this can be less of a problem.

	Figure 8 After taking some hits, the red dragon is about to bite the ninja' s head.

Frame freezing

In Capcom' s 2D fighting game Street Fighter, impacts are emphasized by freezing the game for a few frames. In Capcom' s Devil May Cry 2, Lucia' s attack impact freezes the attacker' s and target' s animation for a couple of frames, allowing the players to see for sure what caused the damage. In KUF:TC, impacts caused by smaller blades and quick attacks cause the attacker' s animation to freeze momentarily. For heavier weapons, it seemed more appropriate for the attack swing to run through continuously than get stuck by impact of the enemy armor.

Frame freezing gives a moment for a player to see the attack motion which may be rather quick to see otherwise (for Lucia in Devil May Cry 2) and also creates a feeling of resistance caused by the impact. To make the impact feel more powerful, it is better for the freeze to happen on the " best looking " frame that represents the attack. However, some games allow the freeze to occur on multiple frames and use this as a game element. In Street Fighter, the dragon punch is more powerful at the best looking pose but does less damage in the after motion. The red part of the hit points gauge in Figure 9 show the damage caused by different impact points of the dragon punch. Better players can time the dragon punch to hit at the peak damage.

	Figure 9

After Attack Delay

In many games including Devil May Cry, POP:WW, and Ninja Gaiden, after an attack motion, the character animation lingers before ending so the player can continue the next attack even after missing the button press timing. Although not strictly related to the impact feel, this method improves responsiveness and the overall combat experience.

2. Camera

Camera Shake

A method commonly used by games in almost every genre is randomly shaking the camera for a short period. In fighting games camera shaking may accompany powerful or explosive attacks. On a few occasions during development of KUF:TC, animations that looked a bit frail were transformed into powerful attacks by a slight camera shake. So if an impact feels flat, a quick and easy thing to try is shaking the camera before taking time to modify the animation. Almost every attack in Sony' s God of War is accompanied by a camera shaking (Figure 10)

	Figure 10

Camera Shift

A more specific manipulation of the camera is shifting the camera in a specific direction for just a few frames. This technique is used amplify the power of the of huge sword swing in Soul Caliber 2 and Ninja Gaiden. When the character swings the large sword horizontally, the camera is shifted left or right for a couple of frames at the peak of the swing (Figure 11). A vertical slam in Figure 12 causes the camera to be shifted down. A vertical lift attack causes the camera to be shifted up. Diagonal shifts can also be used.

	Figure 11

	Figure 12

A heavy sword swing should be much slower than a light sword swing. However, at the realistically slow speed, the heavy sword would be much less useful in a game setting. So the swing is artificially made a bit faster but augmented with a camera shift that allows it to maintain its weight.

Slow Motion

In POP:WW right before executing a two-sword beheading, the game slows down and zooms to show the attack (Figure 13). Although the prince is not the fastest action game character, he is one of the more acrobatic characters. The slow motion sequences make the climactic finishing attacks clearer to the viewer. In God of War, before some heavy attacks and mid-air grabs the game goes into slow motion to make the attacks look more powerful.

	Figure 13

Instant Replay

Instant replays are more prevalent in sports games which often use them to show highlight moments. Fighting games do show the replay of the last moments of the battle after a round is over. In third person action games that have limited camera angles but numerous opponents, it could be beneficial to show the attack in different angles through instant replays. If an attack has a wide area of effect this would allow the player to see the attack motion close up and also view the damage caused on enemies further away.