Sources
Image attributions: All arcade flyer scans taken from The Arcade Flyer Archive with permission. VCS game and box images taken from AtariAge with permission.
[1] Onion AV Club Interview With Howard Scott Warshaw by Keith Phipps
[i] Steve Fulton Interview with Nolan Bushnell, August 2007
[ii] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[iii] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[iv] Digital Press, Al Backiel, Interview with Alan Miller
[v] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[vi] IEEE Spectrum, March 1983, pp. 45-51
[vii] Washington Post, April 28th, 1978
[viii] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[ix] Droidmaker by Michal Rubin, pg. 292
[x] Zap: The Rise And Fall Of Atari By Scott Cohen
[xi] Zap: The Rise And Fall Of Atari By Scott Cohen
[xii] The First Quarter by Steven L. Kent
[xiii] The First Quarter by Steven L. Kent, p.89
[xiv] Zap: The Rise And Fall Of Atari By Scott Cohen
[xv] http://www.electric-escape.net/node/
460?PHPSESSID=406f31ad9989e8e15578dc877e9ba00b
[xvi] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[xvii] Halcyon Days by James Hague, http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/
[xviii] Digital Press, Al Backiel, Interview with Alan Miller
[xix] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[xx] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[xxi] Halcyon Days by James Hague, http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/
[xxii] Scott Stilphen, Digital Press
[xxiii] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_alan_miller.html
[xxiv] The Player's Strategy Guide To Atari VCS Home video Games
[xxv] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_alan_miller.html
[xxvi] The Player's Strategy Guide To Atari VCS Home video Games
[xxvii] http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=13280
[xxviii] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_jim_huether.html
[xxix] http://www.digitpress.com/archives/arc00120.htm
[xxx] Brad Stewart Interview with Scott Stilphen, http://2600connection.atari.org/stewart.html
[xxxi] The First Quarter by Steven L. Kent, p.155
[xxxii] www.atarimuseum.com
[xxxiii] 3 Generations Of Game Machines by Joe Decuir, http://www.atariarchives.org/dev/CGEXPO99.html
[xxxiv] http://www.atarimuseum.com/articles/joedecuir.html
[xxxv] Atari 8-bit FAQ by by Michael D. Current and Bill Kendrick
[xxxvi] http://www.atarihq.com/othersec/library/neubauer.html
[xxxvii] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_alan_miller.html
[xxxviii] http://www.gooddealgames.com/interviews/int_David_Crane.html
[xxxix] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_alan_miller.html
[xl] http://www.coinop.org/features/football.aspx
[xli] Coin Connection March 1978
[xlii] http://www.rawbw.com/~delman/firetruck.html
[xliii] www.orubin.com
[xliv] http://www.orubin.com/
[xlv] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[xlvi] Game Design Theory And Practice by Richard Rouse
[xlvii] www.orubin.com
[xlviii] http://bb.vg-network.com/interviews/
[xlix] http://www.coinop.org/features/football.aspx
[l] http://www.coinop.org/features/football.aspx
[li] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[lii] January 1983 issue of "Video Games" Magazine), http://www.atarihq.com/othersec/library/imagic.html
[liii] Rob Fulop, via email, November 2007
[liv] IEEE Spectrum, March 1983, pp. 45-51
[lv] The incredible, incredible story of Atari — from a $500 lark to a $2 billion business in 10 short years. By Steve Bloom
[lvi] The incredible, incredible story of Atari — from a $500 lark to a $2 billion business in 10 short years. By Steve Bloom
[lvii] Zap: The Rise And Fall Of Atari By Scott Cohen
[lviii] Zap: The Rise And Fall Of Atari By Scott Cohen
[lix] www.icwhen.com
[lx] C/Net News.com "The return of King Pong" by David Becker
[lxi] Steve Fulton Interview with Nolan Bushnell, August 2007
[lxii] Zap: The Rise And Fall Of Atari By Scott Cohen
[lxiii] The incredible, incredible story of Atari — from a $500 lark to a $2 billion business in 10 short years. By Steve Bloom
[lxiv] Zap: The Rise And Fall Of Atari By Scott Cohen
[lxv] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[lxvi] Steve Fulton Interview with Nolan Bushnell, August 2007
[lxvii] http://www.digitpress.com/
[lxviii] Bob Whitehead Interview with Digital Press
[lxix] http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/ROBINETT.HTM
[lxx] Video Game Theory Reader, Introduction edited by Mark wolf and Bernard Perron
[lxxi] http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/ROBINETT.HTM
[lxxii] http://www.gamechambers.com/gcDunn.htm
[lxxiii] http://www.gamechambers.com/gcDunn.htm
[lxxiv] Halcyon Days by James Hague, http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/
[lxxv] http://www.gooddealgames.com/interviews/int_Warren_Robinett.html
[lxxvi] http://www.warrenrobinett.com/
[lxxvii] http://www.gamechambers.com/gcDunn.htm
[lxxviii] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_alan_miller.html
[lxxix] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[lxxx] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_alan_miller.html
[lxxxi] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[lxxxii] Larry Kaplan Interview with Digital Press, (http://www.digitpress.com)
[lxxxiii] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[lxxxiv] Zap! By Scott Cohen, page 84
[lxxxv] The incredible, incredible story of Atari — from a $500 lark to a $2 billion business in 10 short years. By Steve Bloom
[lxxxvi] Zap! By Scott Cohen, page 84
[lxxxvii] The incredible, incredible story of Atari — from a $500 lark to a $2 billion business in 10 short years. By Steve Bloom
[lxxxviii] Via email, 2008
[lxxxix] "Memories Of A Vector World" by Owen R. Rubin, ACM SIGGRAPH, Vol. 32, #2 May 1998
[xc] Via email, 2008
[xci] Via email, 2008
[xcii] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[xciii] Via email, 2008
[xciv] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[xcv] Zap! By Scott Cohen, page 84
[xcvi] Via email, 2008
[xcvii] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[xcviii] http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/ROTBERG.HTM
[xcix] http://www.klov.com
[c] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[ci] Game Design Theory And Practice by Richard Rouse
[cii] http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=sebring&page=detail&id=4816
[ciii] http://www.orubin.com/
[civ] http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=centipede&page=detail&id=427
[cv] http://archives.atarimuseum.com/archives/archives.html
[cvi] Creative Computing, March 1984
[cvii] C/Net News.com "The return of King Pong" by David Becker
[cviii] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_alan_miller.html
[cix] www.icwhen.com
[cx] http://www.atarihq.com/atcomp/8bitfaq.html
[cxi] Compute's First Book Of Atari: "Atari's Marketing Vice President Profiles the Personal Computer Market"
[cxii] Compute's First Book Of Atari: "Atari's Marketing Vice President Profiles the Personal Computer Market"
[cxiii] The Home Computer Wars by Michael S. Tomczyk
[cxiv] Bye Magazine, November 1979 page 15
[cxv] COMPUTE! ISSUE 1 / FALL 1979 / PAGE 62
[cxvi] "On Game Design" by Chris Crawford
[cxvii] "On Game Design" by Chris Crawford
[cxviii] Halcyon Days by James Hague, http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/
[cxix] Creative Computing, March 1984
[cxx] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_alan_miller.html
[cxxi] The Home Computer Wars by Michael S. Tomczyk
[cxxii] Design case history: the Atari Video Computer System, IEEE Spectrum, March 1983, pp. 45-51, http://www.atarimuseum.com/videogames/consoles/2600/Atari_case_history.html
[cxxiii] http://www.dadgum.com/giantlist/archive/maurer.html
[cxxiv] http://www.dadgum.com/giantlist/archive/maurer.html
[cxxv] http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/july03/25smartest/index12.shtml
[cxxvi] http://www.dadgum.com/giantlist/archive/maurer.html
[cxxvii] http://www.dadgum.com/giantlist/archive/maurer.html
[cxxviii] Washington Post, Nov. 10, 1980
[cxxix] http://bb.vg-network.com/interviews/
[cxxx] Confessions Of The Game Doctor by Bill Kunkel
[cxxxi] http://www.swdfx.com/about/resume.php
[cxxxii] Via Email, 2007
[cxxxiii] http://www.atariprotos.com/2600/software/stuntcycle/stuntcycle.htm
[cxxxiv] Nolan Bushnell Interview with Steve Fulton, August 2007
[cxxxv] http://www.atarimuseum.com/videogames/consoles/sylvia/sylvia.html
[cxxxvi] Bill Kunkel Interview with Steve Fulton, 2005, http://www.gamerdad.com
[cxxxvii] Via email, May 2008
[cxxxviii] On Game Design by Chris Crawford
[cxxxix] October 1986 issue of "Analog Computing" Magazine, http://www.atarihq.com/othersec/library/neubauer.html
[cxl] The Home Computer Wars by Michael S. Tomczyk
[cxli] October 1986 issue of "Analog Computing" Magazine, http://www.atarihq.com/othersec/library/neubauer.html
[cxlii] Washington Post, September 2, 1980
[cxliii] The Home Computer Wars by Michael S. Tomczyk
[cxliv] The Home Computer Wars by Michael S. Tomczyk
[cxlv] Steve Fulton interview with Chris Crawford, September 2007
[cxlvi] www.icwhen.com
[cxlvii] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[cxlviii] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[cxlix] http://markn.users.netlink.co.uk/Arcade/missile.html
[cl] http://markn.users.netlink.co.uk/Arcade/missile.html
[cli] http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=battlezone&page=detail&id=210
[clii] http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/ROTBERG.HTM
[cliii] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[cliv] http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/ROTBERG.HTM
[clv] Boston Globe, September 3, 1981
[clvi] http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/ROTBERG.HTM
[clvii] http://markn.users.netlink.co.uk/Arcade/battz.html
[clviii] Washington Post Nov. 8, 1981
[clix] http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=centipede&page=detail&id=427
[clx] Electronic Games Magazine, Winter 1981
[clxi] http://bb.vg-network.com/interviews/
[clxii] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[clxiii] http://www.atari.com/us/images/games/FBK2/manual/asteroidsdeluxe.htm
[clxiv] http://www.gamearchive.com/Video_Games/Manufacturers/Atari/red_baron.html
[clxv] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[clxvi] http://marvin3m.com/video/atari.htm
[clxvii] http://bb.vg-network.com/interviews/
[clxviii] http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1659/the_original_gaming_bug_centipede_.php
[clxix] Game Design Theory And Practice by Richard Rouse
[clxx] http://markn.users.netlink.co.uk/Arcade/tempest.html
[clxxi] http://www.system16.com
[clxxii] http://www.atarimuseum.com/videogames/dedicated/cosmos/cosmos.html
[clxxiii] http://bb.vg-network.com/ interview with Al Alcorn
[clxxiv] 2004 Atari 7800 Seminar with Steve Golson, Kurt Vendel
[clxxv] http://www.system16.com
[clxxvi] 2004 Atari 7800 Seminar with Steve Golson, Kurt Vendel
[clxxvii] Analog Magazine #1, pg 2
[clxxviii] Steve Fulton interview with Chris Crawford, September 2007
[clxxix] http://www.atariarchives.org/APX/
[clxxx] The Creative Atari, edited by David Small, Sandy Small, George Blank, 1983
[clxxxi] "The History of Computer Games: The Atari Years" by Chris Crawford
[clxxxii] Dan Archibald, Video Games Magazine, December 1982
[clxxxiii] Steve Fulton interview with Chris Crawford, September 2007
[clxxxiv] Steve Fulton interview with Chris Crawford, September 2007
[clxxxv] Steve Fulton interview with Chris Crawford, September 2007
[clxxxvi] http://www.atarimuseum.com/videogames/consoles/2700/a2700.html
[clxxxvii] Once Upon Atari DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[clxxxviii] Once Upon Atari DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[clxxxix] Via email, May 2008
[cxc] Brad Stewart Interview with Scott Stilphen, http://2600connection.atari.org/stewart.html
[cxci] NY Times July 23, 1982
[cxcii] Time Magazine, Jan. 18, 1982
[cxciii] Time Magazine, Dec. 20th 1982
[cxciv] "Once Upon Atari" DVD by Howard Scott Warshaw
[cxcv] http://www.atarihq.com/othersec/library/imagic.html
[cxcvi] www.icwhen.com
[cxcvii] http://www.intellivisionlives.com/bluesky/home.shtml
[cxcviii] Washington Post, Nov. 8 1981
[cxcix] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_larry_kaplan.html
[cc] http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_alan_miller.html
[cci] Electronic Games Magazine, Winter 1981
[ccii] Steve Fulton interview with Bill Kunkel, January 2006
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Thanks for the great article, although I must say that I find the claim that the VIC-20 was more powerful than an Atari 400 a bit tough to swallow... ;-)
-Clay
Thanks. That probably should read "arguably more powerful" or "perceived as more powerful". In retrospect, it wasn't.
-Steve
Having worked at Time Warner, back in the SF Rush / Rise of the Robots era, I totally recognize the pattern that has also poisoned most large developers :)
Sorry to be a pingeek but I think there's a misplaced comma: Superman the pinball, more like 3500-5000 units sold according to the ipdb. 10 K sales from the late 70's on was blockbuster.
http://img409.imageshack.us/img409/7749/fairchildchannelfcartrihz0.jpg
Channel F's Videocart 12 was baseball, released in 1977.
Good catch, but I believe it says that it was the first "single player" baseball game. I believe the Fairchild game (which I played many times at my friend's house BTW...but my favorite game was Alien Invasion) required two-players. I was trying to highlight the A.I. of the VCS game.
-Steve
We'd like to translate a decent articles "The History of Atari: 1971-1977" (http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/2000/the_history_of_atari_19711977.php?pag
e=1) and "Atari: The Golden Years -- A History, 1978-1981" (http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3766/atari_the_golden_years__a_.php) into Polish language and publish it on a popular portal jakilinux.org (and/or osnews.pl). Do you mind us doing so? Obviously proper attribution would be paid to you as the author.
Please let us know what you think about such re-publication. (My e-mail address is tprimke_at_gmail_dot_com.)
Best regards,
Tomek
Moreover, it is very unlikely that the Atari 3200 was to be based on the same chipset as the Intellivision. The Intellivision was mostly a knee-jerk reaction to the Atari 2600 from Mattel, and therefore consisted of an pre-built, off-the-shelf game system created by chip maker General Instruments. In fact, it was an actual sku item on their 1978 parts catalog. It was later customized a little, mainly to allow for more ROM and custom graphic tiles, but it was generally an off-the-shelf product.
Therefore it seems unlikely that Atari would plan to replace their aging custom-designed Atari 2600 with an off-the-shelf product, whose technology, although having some more capabilities, was just as old.
-dZ.
Thanks for that!
I'd say that from your description, the Intellivision processor could have still been one of the chips that Bushnell had tied-up in development, especially if GI was one of the companies he used. Remember, the idea that the Intellivision was based on one of those processors did not come from myself, but from a direct quote that Bushnell gave to me in an interview. Still, it's a very gray area and this why that part of the story is painted as "not definite".
-Steve
Thanks for your response. You are right, the GI microprocessor could still have been the planned successor to the Atari 2600. However, I still think it unlikely due its many limitations (weird architecture, 10-bit memory addressing, etc.).
My point was that the only reason Mattel used it was not because it was considerably better, but because they needed a quick release, and chose the General Instrument's pre-built system in haste in order to jump into the new Video Game market.
The entire Intellivision console was indeed superior, with better graphics resolution and 3-channel DSP'ed sound (although the graphics were tile-based instead of pixel-based, limiting its practicality; not to mention the ill-conceived Disc Controller!), but its microprocessor and chip technology were the products of early 1970s technology, hardly state-of-the-art; and unlikely the first choice for a successor.
But, of course, we can't ever know, and I do concede it's possible.
I do agree that competition from Mattel could have been avoided if only Atari had adhered to Bushnell's strategy.
All in all, a very interesting and satisfying article; one that brought back wonderful memories. Please keep up with the thoughtful historical accounts of our wonderful technological roots.
Thank you,
-dZ.
P.S. Why, yes, I did (and currently) own a Mattel Intellivision, thank you.
Perhaps Gamasutra can showcase the Mattel Intellivision on a future article and fulfill my well of nostalgia, as it has already done with the Atari VCS, the Commodore 64, and Video Game arcades in general.
-dZ.
No problem! Thanks for adding to the discussion. I agree, the Intellivision story needs to be told. I'd love to try to tackle it someday, especially since it all went down near my home town (they used to frequent the local arcade here while making games), Keith Robinson from the Blue Sky Rangers draws a cartoon for the local paper, and Intellivision Productions is in the same office building as my favorite Sunday breakfast coffee shop)...plus, I currently work for Mattel.
mason,
I'm happy you noticed. The quotes, to me, are the most important part.
It was Atari that really changed my life. Starting with COMBAT. My brother and I played that till the wee morning hours and although it was simplistic. I never had so much fun in my life. That would be followed by Space Invaders. Asteroids, Adventure, which was the first game that gave me the sense I could explore a world in a game. I liked the Sword Quest series as well.
Seeing a TV ad for Atari. Going to store and seeing the box art for each game. Buying a game and taking it home and opening it up. Taking the cart out and putting it into your Atari. That was pure bliss when I was growing up.
Atari is my childhood. I love Nintendo as well, but I'm not the Nintendo generation. I'm the Atari generation. Atari forever!
We re-developed 2-3 years ago Intellivision cartridges as Keith acquired the rights to unreleased games and wanted to release them for the retro crowd.
The carts are not simple ROMs, but use a time multiplexed bus for address and data, and the Intellivision hardware is definitely odd...
We've also re-developed a 2600 clone, for a product that hasn't been released (distributor problem), so I can answer a lot of questions about the 2600 hardware and some of its history if you want to do a followup.
you can contact me at: my first name that you can see on this post @ retrogamesllc.com
>>box art for each game. Buying a game and taking it home
>>and opening it up. Taking the cart out and putting it into
>>your Atari. That was pure bliss when I was growing up.
Ryan,
That is exactly what I can't shake Atari from my mind. Somehow i want to recreate those moments, but it is very difficult these days.
-Steve